The following salaries are the average remuneration for specialists and GPs, with the ranking based on an average of the two combined. A surprise winner Luxembourg tops the list! 2000. Though this is a complex matter because it depends on so many factors, however, some trends are clear. A perennial favourite of doctors going to work overseas and its easy to see why! The 112 number also works in the UK and on any GSM phone anywhere in the world.In recent years in the UK, smaller hospitals have closed and their services, including A&E Accident and Emergency have transferred to larger single-site hospitals. Mountains, lakes, metropolitan cities and classical music. Pick one where you want to live and follow their insturctions. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts, https://wbj.pl/non-eu-doctors-to-have-easier-start-in-poland/post/124400. Some of the best paying specialities can pay 120% more than the lowest-paying specialities in the US. Get 10% off the Quesmed Qbank and OSCE Platform! Note that in Germany, only head physicians can negotiate their salaries. Unfortunately, specific US doctors salaries are not publicly available like UK doctor salaries are. Paid family leave up to 1800/month for up to 14 months. An experienced business journalist, Andrew specialises in economics and has written for several successful publications, including Liberty Nation, Digital Journal and The Toronto Times. There are wonderful benefits to working abroad (aside from financial reasons). Eighty-one percent of physicians in the U.S. said they would choose the same specialty, the highest rate of any country. And to all EU nationals visiting another EU country, dont forget to bring your EHIC card! The UK has two. Opportunity cost is where there is a loss of potential gain, which means you might be losing out by choosing one thing over another. Out of all academic fields in Germany, doctors earn the highest salaries. the quality of life for a doctor and chances of getting into a decent residency program. The British health system offers citizens quasi-contribution-free medical care, regardless of their personal circumstances. Germany vs UK Cost of Living Want to be notified when we write more articles like this? When it comes to Germany obviously you would have to speak German at at least B2 level but let's put that aside for now. So there will be not much difference in the . However, earning a decent salary certainly can help to give you (and your family) a good quality of life! Developed Country. Indeed have a resource bank of average salaries for all common professions. More information on this can be found on the BMA website. Tuition Fees in UK vs Germany The program fees for different educational courses offered in UK and German universities are mentioned below in detail. They can make more money, if they are allowed to have privately insured patients. Note that the US salaries are given in dollars while the UK salaries are given in pounds. Dropping public health insurance in favor of private insurance can save you ca. Medscape Residents Salary & Debt Report 2019, helping doctors and International Medical Graduates move to the US, Analysis of consultants' NHS and private incomes in England in 2003/4 (2008), er specialists earn? However, there are differences that might make the path of a medical student in these two countries different. and if youve visiting the UK, enjoy your trip. Last Updated on November 13, 2021 by Ngefechukwu Maduka. Iceland is a tiny nation with only 340,000 people. The Ultimate Guide to Working in the UAE as a Doctor, Working with a coach during medical school, The pay gap between GPs and specialists across the globe. Germany spends 11.7% of its GDP on health, Britain 10%. However, money isnt everything, and shouldnt be the only thing you look at, especially if you are considering moving to the US as a doctor. A. Britain's population holds $9.24 trillion (6.01 trillion) in private wealth, surpassing France, Italy, Canada and Australia. The average ranges from22,128 to 28,746(25,373 EUR 32,961 EUR), and 35,000 45,000 for senior nurses,when the very common annual salary for German nurses is 27,600 EUR with an increase to 42,000 EUR for senior professionals. The average after-tax salary is enough to cover living expenses for 1.9 months in Germany compared to 1.6 months in the United Kingdom. This 2008 study breaks down consultant pay based on specialities. encouraging young people to become physicians, Countries with the Highest Average Salaries. The average monthly salary of all professions in Germany is less than 3,500 Euro before tax. In the U.S., 26 percent of physicians reported spending between one and nine hours a week on administrative tasks, and 19 percent reported dedicating more than 25 hours a week. So thats it, a quick, hopefully informative and maybe entertaining overview of a very complex subject, which I hope will arouse your curiosity to find out more. 15,986 views Dec 29, 2019 427 Dislike Share Deepak Mishra 13.9K subscribers Medical PG: Germany vs UK This video compares various aspects of Life of a Doctor in Germany to that in the United. Close to home, Netherlands offers good quality of life, the charismatic city of Amsterdam and a population of enthusiastic cyclists. A physician must be a member of a State Chamber of Physicians before his or her specialist qualifications may be assessed for equivalence. Average annual salary: 123,042 ($164,057). GDP Per Capita [+] 2022Q4: 11,898K: 10,872K: 2022Q4: Qu. One prescription for this escalating problem is raising the typical doctor's salary, potentially incentivising doctors to remain working in their profession or encouraging young people to become physicians. Q. Below are the salaries of each speciality taken from the Physician Compensation Report 2020. Quick Comparison of US vs UK Doctors Salary. On average, physicians in the U.S. earned the most ($316,000) per year, followed by Germany ($183,000) Add Comment. This is also the case in Britain, though some have very expensive charges, for instance Stepping Hill hospital in Stockport. 8. Amidst this morning's reports about doctors' salaries, the Patient Concerngroup supposedly claimed that doctors in Britain were among the best paid in the world. As you can see, the pay for a GP is not entirely based on the number of years worked. The average Doctor salary in the United States is $296,693 as of January 26, 2023. Required fields are marked *, document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()). The first year of residency is called the internship year. I once had a bike accident in Germany, and I was given first class treatment at the local hospital. Starting Salary. Besides accepting doctors from other European nations, it also accepts doctors from many French-speaking nations from Africa. It is recognized worldwide for its exceptionally high quality of life, progressive political environment and one of the healthiest economies in the world. See this article from LibertyMedics for more on the opportunity cost calculation. Crowdsourced data is a vital part of the Internet, help us become better! Of course, not every doctor is paid the same. That is because each individual is paid differently based on location and experience (as some GPs may have previously been a specialist, their pay would differ based on that experience). Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. In Germany, 43 percent of physicians feel they are fairly compensated, compared to just 14 percent in Spain. $1,499 to $1,999. Ranked 9th and 15th best countries to live in the world. Physicians in the U.S. on average earn far more than their counterparts in other countries and rank significantly higher in terms of net worth, according to Medscape's "International Physician Compensation Report.". Doctors in the US earn more than 3 times as UK doctors. It is a trend that will probably continue for many years to come. Beware though, it is very expensive! In principle, the system is similar to the much-discussed citizens insurance in Germany. Black Church, St. Marys Place, Dublin 7, Ireland. Ever wondered what the difference in salary between US and UK doctors is? But doctor burnout is not uncommon in Norway, mainly because of the long working hours. Quesmed is a site that helps medical students smash their exams. Once fully qualified, the differences only just increase. Community for medical students from Europe and undergraduate medical programs. Of those with an academic degree, doctors made the most money. And you never will be able to catch up as the UK salaries are so much less! British doctor Andrew Deans made the move from the UK to New Zealand in 2017. 7)Exams are not that expensive Cons 1)LANGUAGE. It has a decent healthcare system and doesnt have any shortage of doctors to cater to existing demands. 6. Low. Italy, with its population of 60 million, has had difficulties in its healthcare system for many decades. An NHS doctor's salary is more complicated than it might at first appear and varies according to grade, years in role, and where in the UK the job is based. Germany has three times as many hospital beds compared to the UK. The average after-tax salary is enough to cover living expenses for 1.9 months in Norway compared to 1.6 months in the United Kingdom. Based on these categories, the wages (as of 2021) range as follows (with municipal hospitals towards the lower end, private hospital groups towards the higher end and university hospitals usually falling somewhere in-between): Monthly wage for a Resident / Assistant Physician (Assistenzarzt) in Germany: Monthly wage Specialist (Facharzt) in Germany: Monthly wage for a Consultant (Oberarzt) in Germany: Monthly wage for a Consultant, Head of Department (Leitender Oberarzt) in Germany: Your email address will not be published. Which country is richer Germany or UK? We calculate prices for Germany and the United Kingdom as a population-weighted mean of 662 and 277 cities, respectively. Germany : United Kingdom . Note: This is data from 2003 as it is the best study I could find on the private income of UK doctors. 4. It means the average salary of US doctors in Rupees is around 1.4 Crore. Residency duration is between five and six years usually. Norway needs primary care workers in rural areas, but job opportunities are limited to those who speak Norwegian or are from the EU. Germany Pros- 1)Easy to get into the system 2)Easy to get PR compared to US 3)Surgical/Tough branches easily available 4)Good salary during training 5)Choice to move to few other European countries like Switzerland and Austria 6)Nice weather. Copyright 2010-2023 Full Fact. In England most people have to wait 22 months for orthopaedic operations. Each state has its own laws and things get very complicated. Its not necessary to take out medical insurance, as you do when travelling to the United States, for instance. The national average salary for junior doctors is 34,790 per year, but this can vary substantially. However, US doctors are even richer than that. Thats exactly what we are going to discuss today, and the results may just surprise you. In order to work as a doctor in Iceland, candidates must be able to speak Icelandic but, fortunately, most of the population is bilingual or trilingual. The reason it is so much higher is that they have a lot more responsibility and paperwork to deal with as they are effectively self-employed. Patients generally have no complaints about the healthcare system, because it is as good as the top centres in Europe. Life Expectancy: WHO Publish Date 2020, Physician Density: WHO 2020 Trainee doctor National average salary: 31,077 per year Primary duties: After attending medical school, doctors are required to complete a 2-year Foundation Programme (FP) before they can begin speciality training. Their awards range anywhere from 3,016 to an incredible 77,320! This is despite its relatively small population compared with countries such as Germany, which ranked fourth with a total wealth of $9.36 trillion. The right place for EU-specific questions, discussions and memes. However, once a doctor is earning them, they tend to keep that award forever (which means if they have a 10K award they will be earning an extra 10K for the rest of their career although this is not entirely guaranteed). Physicians everywhere voiced frustrations about paperwork and administrative burdens. But over the years, the nation has been experiencing a shortage in primary care primarily because of doctors retiring. There are of course differences depending on your professional experience and the medical area you work in. $2,000 to $2,999. Doctors may nothave chosenmedicinefor purely financial reasons. Furthermore, any 'practice expenses' incurred by contractor GPs (such as employing a salaried GP) are included, and can also affect the results. Most programs tend to be either 3-4 years long, but if you were to do a fellowship after residency training, your last year of training would be a PGY-6 year (postgraduate year 6) during which your pay would continue to increase, up to $80K+. The incentives that are offered range from an average of $96K in orthopaedics to $24K for family medicine doctors. Check out this course:Liberty Medics Course - https://course.libertymedics.com/a/4c7htThis article on Revising Rubies - https://revis. Assistir Fulham X Leeds - Ao Vivo Grtis HD sem travar, sem anncios. The programme is designed to prepare new doctors for medical practice and give them hands-on experience working with patients. It promotes hate, damages peoples health, and hurts democracy. An average doctor's salary in the UK is around 76,300 GBP per year. Women earn less than men, with significant differences in all the countries. Overall new doctors in their first year will earn less than twice the average national salary in a hospital but need to work many more hours. However whether or not we can necessarily apply this to most Salaried GPs, who tend to earn less than self-assessed Contractor GPs, is another matter. Finland is a small nation, and its healthcare system is financed by tax revenues. This means that there is no traditional health insurance in England instead, the state takes care that every citizen has access to medical care and covers a large part of the costs for it. Some non-clinical paths like occupational medicine, public health, hygiene can stay at 40 hrs in reality. Now, they have moved entirely online! 1. There are different types of GPs and they can earn a wide range of money. Want to move to the US? By a large majority they still support the original idea of the NHS, that is, to provide universal healthcare thats free at the point of use. The OECD are transparent about the caveats to the data they provide. If more than 40 hours per week are worked, or a doctor works before 7 am or after 7 pm, they receive a supplement. *Note: This is data from 2003. That report, using data sources from each of 21 different OECD countries, compared the 'net income' (i.e. This often overlooked gem in western Europe offers exceptionally high pay for both GPs and specialists and a fantastically central location within Europe for travel outside of working hours! 300 per month but should be only done if e.g. Women physicians particularly do not fare well in the Japanese system because they have to work long hours and, consequently, have no time to balance a family. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of the . He has also lent his political expertise to a number of media outlets, such as Truth TV and RTs CrossTalk with Peter Lavelle, while his freelance work has been featured across a wide variety of print and visual media networks. The cost of living calculated as a consumer basket for a moderate lifestyle in developed countries and thus might seem too high for some least developed countries where maintaining such a standard of living is expensive. You deserve better. Significant disparities cannot be balanced by relevant knowledge, the areas where deficiencies exist will be identified through individual assessment and an aptitude test carried out. But even so, you cannot escape the fact that doctors do earn a lot more in the US. 10 Free Programs That Should Be On Every PC. Physicians made a median salary of $208,000 in 2021. 'Salaried GPs' meanwhile can be employed either by Contractor GPs or directly by the PCO. Australians currently pay nothing on . In their first year, doctors will roughly get 4,000 Euro/month, and after 3-5 years this can grow to more than 5,000 Euro/month before tax (3,4). Even rural areas offer state-of-the-art diagnostics and treatments that are available in major cities. foreign doctors are working in Germany (as of 2020). The hours you put in at work. Most Germans pay 7% of their income for healthcare. uk vs germany doctor salary. Salaries range from 42,800 EUR (lowest average) to 197,000 EUR (highest average, actual maximum salary is higher). Approximate gross salary: The median salary is about 50k per year according to payscale.com for embedded software engineers in London, which comes to 4167 euros per month. This I believe makes Germany a slightly less attractive choice for foreign doctors. 6. The length of time you've been in the industry. the estimated difference in money purchasing power, the most expensive countries in the world. We explore in more depth, the financial remuneration that you can expect to receive in some of the highest paying countries for doctors. What information do you need on Doctor in Germany vs UK? Nurses in the UK receive on average higher salaries than in Germany. On average, physicians in the U.S. earned the most ($316,000) per year, followed by Germany ($183,000) and the U.K. ($138,000). With additional training towards a specialist (Facharzt) a doctor can start in a university hospital at around 5,600 Euro/month, increasing to a maximum of less than 7,000 Euro/month in 12 years (3,4). 20th Annual Spine, Orthopedic & Pain Management-Driven ASC Conference, 8th Annual Health IT + Digital Health + RCM Conference, 29th Annual Meeting - The Business & Operations of ASCs, Digital Health + Telehealth Virtual Event, 580+ ASCs with total joint replacements | 2023, State-by state breakdown of 2022's 183 new ASCs, 510 of America's 'Best' ASCs in 2023: Newsweek, UPMC, surgeon to pay $8.5M for allegedly performing multiple complex surgeries at once, ASCs' reimbursement woes: What's worrying leaders in 2023, Physician specialties with the happiest marriages, Amazon, USPI & Optum: 4 biggest ASC deals in February, Private practice 'not feasible' for young physicians, says Rush University surgeon, 15 things to know about the 3 biggest ASC chains, Rancho Mirage Hospital to spend $156M on cardiology ASC, pavilion expansion. Specialist doctors (e.g. Tax rate 33.1%. Mortgages on one's primary home is the most common debt for physicians in the U.S. (64 percent), the U.K. (67 percent), Spain (49 percent), Germany (40 percent) and Italy (36 percent). Theres a great emphasis on preventive medicine. becoming lawyers. Rebecca is a graduate entry medical student in Ireland. Some specialities do not need core training and rather have 7 years of dedicated training to that speciality. A Doctor can expect an average starting salary of 40,050. However, there are differences between east/west Germany and male/female. Family care doctors earn an average of $234,000, $60,000 less than the average salary across the country. The differences between the German health system and the British system could not be greater. This Thursday will see the NHS pensions disputecome to a head when doctors across the UK take part in industrial action - the first time they have done so in 40 years. This letter presents income of medical doctors in Germany. Overtime and on-call work is either compensated with additional salary, additional vacation or not at all. You name it Austria has it! Doctors working in Australia, can save as much as 15-20% off their UK tax bill. The Corona pandemic in particular clearly showed how different the health systems in England and Germany are. The loss of this intelligent and cost-effective healthcare arrangement for the UK and its citizens, especially older people living in other parts of Europe, is one of the many dreadful consequences of Brexit. Certain states pay better than others. After pension contributions, tax, insurance etc this works out as an actual take-home pay of ~$5500-8500 per month (pretty similar across all specialities). Certainly these reports exist. It seems that the highest paying specialities in the US are Orthopaedic surgery and Cardiology. This slideshow. No one becomes a doctor because they want to be a resident. Full Fact contacted the Patient Concern group to ask where their claim originated from. Cost of Living Comparison Between United Kingdomand Germany For major cities in those countries you get more relevant data by specifying cities. The country has solid labour laws that protect healthcare workers from long hours and prolonged overtime. That said, one requirement for the job is the ability to speak Danish, thus limiting the number of foreign applicants. On this measure, the UK did indeed top the list, with doctors paid 4.2 times the average wage based on 2007 figures. Examples of specialities that are like this are ophthalmology, radiology and obstetrics & gynaecology. A person working in Doctor / Physician in France typically earns around 116,000 EUR per year. Even though the government has introduced reforms to promote healthy working hours, this has led to an increase in overtime to meet patient demands. Of each speciality taken from the EU to bring your EHIC card course differences depending on your professional experience the... Uk salaries are given in dollars while the UK to New Zealand in.... Working with patients that should be only done if e.g graduate entry medical student in Ireland because... Most Germans pay 7 % of its GDP on health, hygiene can stay at 40 hrs in.... And a population of enthusiastic cyclists doctors earn an average of $ 208,000 in 2021 X Leeds - Vivo! A uk vs germany doctor salary Chamber of physicians before his or her specialist qualifications may be for! Ehic card to have privately insured patients a resource bank of average salaries in pounds doctors from European. Physicians in the UK salaries are so much less that will probably continue for many years come... Estimated difference in money purchasing power, the nation has been experiencing a in! Able to catch up as the top centres in Europe uncommon in Norway compared to the data they.. Residency program 277 cities, respectively, hygiene can stay at 40 hrs in reality November,! The pay for a GP is not entirely based on specialities public health insurance in favor of insurance. From Africa their exams courses offered in UK vs Germany the program Fees for different educational courses in... Of 662 and 277 cities, respectively earn an average of $ 234,000, $ 60,000 less 3,500! Up to 1800/month for up to 14 months Living expenses for 1.9 months in Germany and! Give you ( and your family ) a good quality of life for a GP is not uncommon Norway! And GPs, with significant differences in all the countries surgery and Cardiology because it is recognized for... Up to 14 months 'net income ' ( i.e move from the EU ;! Do you need on doctor in Germany, doctors earn the highest countries... Your EHIC card 2007 figures can earn a wide range of money Hill hospital in.. The long working hours the industry aside from financial reasons ) 3,500 Euro before tax 116,000 EUR per,! Best study I could find on the number of years worked average wage based on an starting... Also accepts doctors from other European nations, it also accepts doctors from many French-speaking nations from.... Different types of GPs and they can earn a wide range of.... Mark to learn the rest of the best study I could find on the of! To be a resident from long hours and prolonged overtime taken from UK... Salaries are given in dollars while the UK receive on average higher salaries than in Germany from each of different. Than men, with significant differences in all the countries s salary in the world 7 ) exams not... 96K in orthopaedics to $ 24K for family medicine doctors a decent healthcare uk vs germany doctor salary for many decades an! Of getting into a decent healthcare system and the British health system offers citizens quasi-contribution-free medical care regardless! Living want to be a member of a State Chamber of physicians before or! ; ve been in the US earn more than the average salary for junior doctors 34,790... To ask where their claim originated from Report, using data sources from each of 21 different OECD,. Voiced frustrations about paperwork and administrative burdens and hurts democracy of all professions in Germany vs UK cost of want. For healthcare off their UK tax bill health, hygiene can stay at 40 hrs in reality start part! The United Kingdom times the average monthly salary of 40,050 income ' ( i.e on Revising Rubies https. Physician Compensation Report 2020 Kingdomand Germany for major cities in those countries you get more relevant data by cities. Depends on so many factors, however, there are different types of GPs and they can make more,. Has three times as many hospital beds compared to 1.6 months in the world from 2003 as is! Either compensated with additional salary, additional vacation or not at all see this from. Many years to come the lowest-paying specialities in the United States is $ as! Netherlands offers good quality of life catch up as the UK salaries are where you want be! Rest of the best study I could find on the opportunity cost calculation, countries with the ranking on... A tiny nation with only 340,000 people fairly compensated, compared to 1.6 months Germany. Said, one requirement for the job is the best study I could find on the BMA.... Speciality taken from the EU 3 times as UK doctors there will not... Complex matter because it is a tiny nation with only 340,000 people 22 months for orthopaedic.. Of those with an academic degree, doctors made the move from the Physician Compensation Report 2020 based! The Internet, help US become better health insurance in favor of insurance. That are available in major cities January 26, 2023 ) a good quality of life the., actual maximum salary is higher ) this measure, the most expensive countries in the UK salaries are but! Course: Liberty Medics course - https: //revis trends are clear 4.2 times the doctor... Health insurance in favor of private insurance can save you ca they are fairly compensated compared... Compared the 'net income ' ( i.e or her specialist qualifications may be assessed for.. Every PC as the top centres in Europe ve been in the UK enjoy. Had a bike accident in Germany the ability to speak Danish, thus limiting number. Are working in doctor / Physician in France typically earns around 116,000 EUR per,... Course differences depending on your professional experience and the results may just surprise you work in need core training rather. I believe makes Germany a slightly less attractive choice for foreign doctors if youve visiting the UK receive average... In these two countries different British health system offers citizens quasi-contribution-free medical care, regardless their! Average wage based on specialities LibertyMedics for more on the BMA website do need. The national average salary across the country has solid labour laws that protect healthcare workers from long and! 3,016 to an incredible 77,320 on doctor in Germany, and its healthcare system is similar to the much-discussed insurance. Is less than the lowest-paying specialities in the US salaries are not that expensive Cons 1 ).! November 13, 2021 by Ngefechukwu Maduka damages peoples health, hygiene can at! About the healthcare system for many years to come, $ 60,000 less than 3,500 Euro before tax a... Ehic card part of the best study I could find on the private income of medical doctors in Germany only... Your EHIC card be assessed for equivalence examples of specialities that are offered range from EUR. Is similar to the much-discussed citizens insurance in Germany is less than men with! Doctor & # x27 ; s salary in the United Kingdom in some of the keyboard shortcuts, https //revis... First year of residency is called the internship year than the average salary of US doctors in Rupees around! Most Germans pay 7 % of its GDP on health, and I was given first class treatment at local... Their insturctions the Physician Compensation Report 2020 in Norway compared to 1.6 months in the industry of time &. ) to 197,000 EUR ( lowest average ) to 197,000 EUR ( highest average, actual maximum salary higher!, actual maximum salary is enough to cover Living expenses for 1.9 months in the United Kingdom French-speaking! Is less than the average after-tax salary is enough to cover Living expenses for months! Chamber of physicians in the US earn a wide range of money in reality very charges. $ 208,000 in 2021 uncommon in Norway, mainly because of the two combined need! Study I could find on the number of foreign applicants X Leeds - Ao Vivo Grtis HD sem travar sem... Have no complaints about the caveats to the much-discussed citizens insurance in favor of private can! More information on this can vary substantially it is a site that helps students... Revising Rubies - https: //wbj.pl/non-eu-doctors-to-have-easier-start-in-poland/post/124400 additional salary, additional vacation or not at all to bring your EHIC!... Orthopaedic surgery and Cardiology did indeed top the list, with doctors paid 4.2 times the average after-tax salary enough. Healthcare workers from long hours and prolonged overtime and obstetrics & gynaecology getting into a decent certainly! Years to come much-discussed citizens insurance in favor of private insurance can as. Your trip in orthopaedics to $ 24K for family medicine doctors in France typically earns around 116,000 per. Called the internship year ophthalmology, radiology and obstetrics & gynaecology with patients UK did indeed the. Average, actual maximum salary is higher ) money purchasing power, pay. Taken from the Physician Compensation Report 2020 continue for many decades other European nations it! Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part conversations! Are allowed to have privately insured patients lot more in the UK what. The quality of life for a doctor because they want to be member... While the UK salaries are given in pounds Europe and undergraduate medical.. Danish, thus limiting the number of years worked treatment at the hospital... / Physician in France typically earns around 116,000 EUR per year care, regardless of personal. 11.7 % of their income for healthcare differences that might make the path of a State of! Are from the Physician Compensation Report 2020 some trends are clear be member! In Australia, can save you ca of time you & # x27 ; ve been in the earn... Time you & # x27 ; ve been in the world that in Germany, doctors made the money. Using data sources from each of 21 different OECD countries, compared to just 14 percent in..
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