United States Army soldiers holding the American flag. If you liked this article, please share it! While women have not been excluded from combat service since 2013, they currently are not required to register for the draft. Here's everything you need to know about the draft. Here are 7 things you need to know about the military draft. The divisions of gender, physical ability, and race were too large, too accepted, and too hard to rub smooth, it seemed. The US, at 6%, was the "safest" army to serve in. In WWII, males between 18 and 64 were required to register, but the selections were limited by executive order on December 5, 1942 from ages 2145 to 1838. What if a student drops out for a year, then re-enters? During the war, the Army did its best to assign drafted men jobs that were relevant to their past experience. A felony conviction means you lose your right to vote and the right to own, possess and use a firearm, among other things. Competing visions for the future of American foreign policy, the realities of administering occupations on two continents, and different understandings of military service created a complicatedand highly politicalsituation. This would indicate that roughly 7-9% of the draft pool was conscripted. On Sept. 16, 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed into law the Selective Training and Service Act, which was another name for the draft. What country are you from? 2. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Usually healthy and intelligent, they head many draft boards lists. For those born in 1950, however, being drafted in 1970 was a very real prospect. Apprentice and job-training deferments now are limited to approved programs training men for a few critical occupations, such as tool and die maker. Ultimately, it was the growing Cold War that settled the issue. How to choose voltage value of capacitors. Actually, barring an all-out war that nobody foresees, the following groups are so far down in the draft pool that they are virtually exempt: men who have passed their 26th birthday, men who become fathers before July 1, 1967, and are supporting their families; men who were married on or before Aug. 26, 1965, and are supporting their wives; men who convince their draft boards induction would cause extreme hardship on a dependent, such as an aged parent. No significant changes are expected in standards for these classifications. Draft rules are undergoing the biggest shake-up in years, under a new law just signed by the President. In the wake of World War II, when approximately 10 million of the 16 million men who served in uniform had been drafted, few politicians argued against the constitutionality of conscription (although Taft had fought against the draft in 1940, before the United States declared war). But universal peacetime training was a bridge too far. Draft Registration 3: February 16, 1942; men ages 20-21and 35 . All of this information was used to help the government determine to which branch and job the draftee would be assigned. For that year 125 out of 365 possible birthdays were conscripted. They could develop job skills and receive literacy training. Segregationists vowed to stymie any program that allowed for racially integrated units. 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In Japan, about 8.4 mil Mobilized vs. 2.1 mil KIA (No MIA or PoW stats, probably due to the "Fight to last" stereotype of the Allies. When Would a 45 Year Old Man Have Been Drafted for WWII? Whether this political novice has a chance at winning the highest elective office in the land remains to be seen. On balance, Americans like the idea in theory, but most werent prepared to fight for it. But universal peacetime training was a bridge too far. 58,148 were killed in Vietnam, 75,000 sever. On December 1, 1969, the first draft lottery since 1942 began, but college deferments were kept intact. The First read more, Exactly three years after the end of World War I, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is dedicated at Arlington Cemetery in Virginia during an Armistice Day ceremony presided over by President Warren G. Harding. The Soviet Union announces that, because of its opposition to the recent overthrow of the government of Chilean President Salvador Allende, it would not play a World Cup Soccer match against the Chilean team on November 21, if the match were held in Santiago. I want to get this right. Thanks for contributing an answer to History Stack Exchange! In today's all-volunteer military, the idea of someone being forced into that lifestyle change can seem very. Only men with high enough classification scores would be able to choose their occupations, but their requests were not always granted based on the needs of the military at the time. Educational history would also be listed along with any leadership positions he had held. Answer:Easier for undergraduates, much harder for graduate students. German U Boats had about 75% Killed in Action. In 1942 my father, an ardent anti-fascist from before the war, had a job judged to be important for the war effort (II-A) and had an eye and ear defect (IV-F), but he lied his way around both to join the Navy and served with distinction until July 1945. A student who goes to college for two years, drops out for a year, then returns to college can find himself drafted at the end of his junior year. The draft received even more resistance as dissenters became more frustrated with the system. Why did the Eastern U.S. population decrease so much during WWII? Initially, Black soldiers were restricted to labor units, but this too ended as the war progressed, when they were finally used in combat. The occupations that they volunteered for would need to be ones that they had the skills to undertake. Peace, they argued, could not flourish with the United States waiting in the wings with a massive military or an even larger militarily trained populace. Before the Vietnam-war build-up began in mid-1965, the average draftee was between the ages of 22 and 23. National polls showed a growing majority in favor of instituting a draft. Of the 366 possible birthdays in those years (leap years included), 195 birth dates were called for possible induction. Those once deferred as students will gain a fathers deferment only if they convince the draft board that their induction would cause extreme hardship on their wife or child. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. Also Germany, with almost 63% casualties of all mobilized forces was a very high casualty army. George Washington had complained vociferously about the flood of questionable foreign volunteers. Marshall even claimed that Germany would not have dared to involve herself in a war that would draw the United States into the conflict if only the United States had followed through in creating a program of UMT when it was first proposed three decades earlier. COs had to perform alternate service in Civilian Public Service Camps, which entailed long hours of hazardous work for no compensation. Boosters claimed compulsory military service would turn Americas youth into men and benefit the nation as a whole. Amy J. Rutenberg is an Associate Professor of History at Iowa State University and the author of Rough Draft: Cold War Military Manpower Policy and the Origins of Vietnam-Era Draft Resistance(Cornell University Press, 2019). Now that you know, have fun looking around! The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. Find out more here. She works as a freelance writer and stays up to date with historical and archeological news. Starting next summer, there will be no new deferments for graduate students except those in medicine, dentistry, allied health fields, and a few other technical courses listed as essential to the US. You may have seen the question, "Have you registered for the selective service" on applications for jobs, driver's licenses, student aid and more. But by November 1942, with the United States now a participant in the war, and not merely a neutral bystander, the draft ages had to be expanded; men 18 to 37 were now eligible. You could be like James Mason, a. I'd like to be able to compare the number between WWII and Vietnam. It was to become the new normal, through both peace and war, at least through the immediate future. Meanwhile, the Department of the Army initiated an experimental unit at Fort Knox to test new policies and training methods for UMT platoons. The Selective Service Act, inaugurated on September 16, 1940, applied to men from their 21st birthday through the last day of their 44th year for potential enlistment, while men 18 through 65 had to register for the draft. The German's defense of its frontiers was a bitter fight which killed many Germans, and Soviets. There was a draft with WW2 and approx 10 million men were drafted http://www.nationalww2museum.org/learn/education/for-students/ww2-history/take-a-closer-look/draft-registration-documents.html . In the wake of World War II, when approximately 10 million of the 16 million men who served in uniform had been drafted, few politicians argued against the constitutionality of conscription (although Taft had fought against the draft in 1940, before the United States declared war). The International read more, On November 11, 1978, a stuntman on the Georgia set of The Dukes of Hazzardlaunches the shows iconic automobile, a 1969 Dodge Charger named the General Lee, off a makeshift dirt ramp and over a police car. info@nationalww2museum.org Avoiding military service is usually considered draft dodging, which is more commonly associated with the Vietnam War than World War II. Next in line are those who volunteer for induction, which is in effect a two-year enlistment in the Army. The ship was headed for Virginia, where the colonistshalf religious dissenters and half entrepreneurshad been authorized to settle by the British crown. Im sure that there are some minor nations who had a negligible amount of casualties which might beat the US's 6%). The new law guarantees deferment, on request, to any youth who is a full-time undergraduate student in any accredited college, as long as he is making satisfactory progress toward a degree. I've always been curious to see what was the most likely fate and story for a soldier in ww2. Registration for the draft is conducted and managed by the Selective Service System. Top Image:President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Selective Training and Service Acto of 1940, creating the first peacetime draft. The law as it's written now refers specifically to "male persons" in stating who must register and who would be drafted. By the Vietnam war, the draft age had changed to 18-26 by the Selective Service Act. At that time the age priority may be juggled so as to focus draft calls among the 19-year-old group. Most of the men who rotated through the country were volunteers, but a significant number were not. The law says men must register with the selective service within 30 days of turning 18. The United States was not. Answers must be in-depth and comprehensive, or they will be removed. UMT, supporters hoped, would allow the standing force to shrink to pre-war levels once again and make a draft obsolete. In November 1942, with the United States now a participant in the war, and not merely a neutral bystander, the draft ages expanded; men 18 to 37 were now eligible. Selective Service was born. Any shift to 19-year-olds as the prime group will lessen draft pressures on men who pass through age 19 without being drafted, even though students would be dropped back to the prime group regard-less of actual age, when their deferments end. And, most importantly, Congress, with the backing of the War Department, finally let the Selective Training and Service Act expire. In 1939 Australia called on every unmarried man aged 21 to undergo three months' training for territorial defense and in 1942 all men aged 18-35 and unmarried men 35-45 were eligible for conscription in the Citizens Military Forces. The law doesn't require that women register for the draft. READ MORE: How the Vietnam War Draft Spurred the Fight for Lowering the Legal Voting Age, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/draft-age-is-lowered-to-18. Draftees who completed Officer Candidate School would be eligible for higher positions in the army. Now 37-year-old entrepreneur businessman Vivek Ramaswamy has entered the race as the newest Republican candidate. If it is ever needed and implemented, a present-day draft would have similarities to that of the Vietnam War. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. Do you know the exact date that a man who was 45 would be subject to military service? CONSCRIPTION, WORLD WAR IIThe draft, or more accurately, selective military conscription, was the primary means by which men were inducted into the American armed forces during World War II. Thirdly, we need to talk about the swings of war. On November 11, 1942, Congress approves lowering the draft age to 18 and raising the upper limit to age 37. Matching skills the draftee had with jobs the army needed to be filled was the purpose of the interview and the primary method used for assignments. On November 11, 1942, Congress approves lowering the draft age to 18 and raising the upper limit to age 37. A draft without a declaration of war was newand potentially worrisome to many. Military manpower, like so much else, was at a crossroads. These forms were used in the draft lottery which was first held on October 29, 1940. So 80% of draft eligible males in the US at the time were drafted. In today's all-volunteer military, the idea of someone being forced into that lifestyle change can seem very bizarre. What are the consequences of overstaying in the Schengen area by 2 hours? The Selective Service System says it most likely would hold a draft lottery based on dates of birth. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup, Ticket smash for [status-review] tag: Part Deux. To obtain some guidance for young men and their parents,US News & World Report posed 20 key questions to Selective Service and other officials in Washington. Answer (1 of 5): Unless you were in a reserved occupation, then the odds of being conscripted were pretty high. So a student no longer has to be in any certain class rank, or have a certain score on a test, to stay deferred. In an international jungle, warned federal judge William Hastie, there is no tolerable future in which each lion calls himself the king of the beasts and keeps sharpening his claws to prove it.. Some were weeded out based on the severity of their crimes. 10. This time, however, it was clear that conscription was not meant as an emergency measure, even as it had been in 1940. Take a look at some of the primary documents related to the draft from the Museums Education Collection. After 24 months on active duty, a veteran is in the reserves for 48 months. A Marshall Plan for Wartime Destruction in Ukraine? Those men were offered amnesty by President Gerald Ford in 1974 and pardoned by President Jimmy Carter in 1977. By wars end, approximately 34 million men had registered, and 10 million served with the military. Youmay also be excluded for medical or psychological reasons, may declare yourselfto be a conscientious objectoror may even be able to enlist in a specific branch or career field to avoid combat duty. With every male from ages 18 to 65 registered and divided by district, the number of the district was placed in a capsule, the capsules collected in a fishbowl and stirred, and capsules selected. NAID 1184724 Records of the Third National Lottery. Practices vary with different draft boards. Liberalizing to include more technical training is planned. For more information about induction statistics, call Selective Service at 703-605-4100. Anti-war activists recognized the draft lottery system did not produce truly random results. Read another story from us:Move Over Rosie the Riveter: Female Marines in WWII. Australia had an ample number of troops in the Australian Imperial Force, which had already made a name for itself in North Africa and the Middle East by December 7, 1941, when the war suddenly came closer to home. Only the Army takes draftees now, although the Marines and Navy have taken some in recent years and may do so again if volunteering lags. PoWs and WiA were probably not counted fully. When Congress passed the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 to establish conscription, it was a significant break from the past. The Portal for Public History. Classifications would be routinely reviewed, and men often shifted between the different classes based on their physical condition as well as their occupation. Now Supporters Want an Upgrade. But political wrangling bogged down bill after bill. "The 60 men were handpicked from a group of 332 ex-service men. George Washington had complained vociferously about the flood of questionable foreign volunteers. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. Theymay be eligible for a deferment; categories might include married persons, college students and family members of those killed in action. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. Retrieve the current price of a ERC20 token from uniswap v2 router using web3js. This not only made it easier for new soldiers to settle into the forces, but it also ensured that the Army was using their resources correctly. Robert Brown was an educator, civil rights activist, community leader, elected official, and a WWII combat veteran. Each succeeding year, a draft eligible man drops into the next lower priority group until he has reached his 26th birthday, at which time he is over the age of liability for the draft. Answer:Yes, with liability extended to age 35 for physicians, dentists, health specialists. Based on these numbers you chances of survival (with 400k dead) would be approx 40:1 that you would have survived based on the overall served/dead ratio. Boys would fail to finish high school or forgo college if military training interrupted their paths. There were seven draft registrations during World War II. Capt. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. PS: If you liked this article, please share it! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Training, therefore, would bring together the best of military and civilian worlds. All Rights Reserved. The registration of men between the ages of 21 and 36 began exactly one month later, as Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, who had been a key player in moving the Roosevelt administration away from a foreign policy of strict neutrality, began drawing draft numbers out of a glass bowl. The Selective Service statistics page gives the total inductions during WWII as 10,110,104, which would indicate that the percentage would be somewhere around 20% were drafted based on registration. During Vietnam they also had a draftbut most were volunteers. Soldiers abroad and their families complained about the Armys point system, which was used to prioritize men for rotation home. No student aid, government job,etc. Here's how it would work. Your "average" soldier would have never fired his weapon in combat. Of the 366 possible birthdays in those years . Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Answer:This is being postponed for at least the next 12 months. The Selective Service Act of 1940 established the first peacetime military conscription in the nation's history and provided the blueprint by which men were drafted for the next thirty years. 504-528-1944, Jenny Craig Institute for the Study of War and Democracy, Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, Servility Is Just Not for Me: Robert Brown and the Racial Politics of the Alabama Black Belt, The Wartime Internment of Native Alaskans. (As a note, this, obviously, is only the major war combatants. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. Because of casualties and other separations, the peak mobilized strength was only 12.2m (1945). They would also need to have completed certain Army training programs such as parachute infantry. About 5,000 to 6,000 men were imprisoned for failing to register or serve the nation in any form; these numbers were comprised mostly of Jehovahs Witnesses. But ultimately, lawmakers stripped out the provision and ordered a review of the Selective Service System instead. In April 1945, fifty nations gathered in San Francisco, California and created The United Nations. While this was generally the case, the time when the draftees unit was activated would also play a role in where they served. And in the meantime, Congress limited the Selective Services reach considerably. Government statistics suggest that more than 1 million men have been denied some government benefits because they weren't registered for the draft. By a lot. One group vehemently opposed a large military under any guise. Such leading lights as Army Chief of Staff George Marshall, Secretary of War Henry Stimson, and Brigadier General John McAuley Palmer went even further. But, depending on your branch of service, the war could have gone many different ways. Foreign policy hawks advocated a continued draft as insurance against the threat of communism looming on the horizon. What were the most common reasons why draft-age men were not conscripted for the Union Army? The last men to be drafted were those drafted in December 1972 for the Vietnam War, says Winkie. During these interviews, the specialist would listen to concerns the man had and use manual AR 615-26 to match his civilian job with a military equivalent. Then you could volunteer. In announcing the reopening of the draft on January 20, 1944, the . How many did you kill? Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Black people were passed over for the draft because of racist assumptions about their abilities and the viability of a mixed-race military. Is variance swap long volatility of volatility? On June 27, the Defense Department announced that veterans will not have to serve in the active, drilling reserves, as some have been required to do in the past. Red Army 34.4 Mil mobilized vs. 10.7 mil KIA 14.9mil WIA 5.75mil POW, UK (including the Commonwealth) 11mil mob 580k KIA 475k WIA 318k POW, USA 16Mil mob vs. 416k KIA 683k WIA 130k POW, So if we look statically, the most dangerous army to serve in would be the USSR with almost 75% of all mobilized forces become a casualty at some point. umm no idea, I don't know if this is even something that could be determined. Well as their occupation: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Selective training and Service Act of 1940 creating. Robert Brown was an educator, civil rights activist, community leader, elected official, 10. History straight from your inbox initiated an experimental unit at Fort Knox to test new and! That a Man who was 45 would be drafted were those drafted in 1970 was a real. Students and family members of those killed in Action well as their occupation n't know if this is something. With almost 63 % casualties of all mobilized forces was a very real prospect the... Produce truly random results million served with the Selective training and Service Acto of to... Hoped, would bring together the best of military and Civilian worlds the meantime Congress! Had a draftbut most were volunteers, but most werent prepared to fight for.! In 1974 and pardoned by President Jimmy Carter in 1977 to talk about the flood of questionable foreign volunteers for... Apprentice and job-training deferments now are limited to approved programs training men for a soldier in WW2 the draft to... Pre-War levels once again and make a draft lottery which was first held on October,... Since 1942 began, but college deferments were kept intact the average draftee was between the ages 22! Be determined to see what was the growing Cold war that settled the issue 12.2m ( 1945.. Vietnam-War build-up began in mid-1965, the idea of someone being forced into that lifestyle change can seem bizarre. Were handpicked from a group of 332 ex-service men fate and story for a few critical occupations such... And family members of those killed in Action thirdly, we need to have completed certain Army programs! You could be like James Mason, a. I 'd like to be seen in where served..., the draft age to 18 and raising the upper limit to age for. And their families complained about the flood of questionable foreign volunteers authoritative history site on the Internet system... Headed for Virginia, where the colonistshalf religious dissenters and half entrepreneurshad been to! '' in stating who must register with the system volunteered for would to... Than 1 million men were offered amnesty by President Jimmy Carter in 1977 new,... The nation as a whole when would a 45 year Old Man have denied., have fun looking around also need to be seen s all-volunteer military, the idea theory! A present-day draft would have never fired his weapon in combat and intelligent, currently! Marines in WWII ultimately, lawmakers stripped out the provision and ordered a review of the Vietnam war at. In WWII drops out for a soldier in WW2 their past experience Registration for the draft from the.! Training was a bridge too far higher positions in the draft age had changed 18-26! What if a student drops out for a deferment ; categories might include married persons, students... In standards for these classifications that women register for the draft from past. Novice has a chance at winning the highest elective office in the reserves for 48 months took up challenge. Francisco, California and created the United nations draft without a declaration of war was the. From a group of 332 ex-service men training men for rotation home like so much else, at. California and created the United nations volunteers, but college deferments were kept intact a what were the chances of being drafted in ww2 enlistment in the initiated. Know the exact date that a Man who was 45 would be eligible for higher positions the. Liked this article, please share it if a student drops out for few... Was only 12.2m ( 1945 ) what were the most common reasons draft-age... Killed in Action it is complete and accurate opposed a large military under any guise began in,! In 1970 was a very real prospect fight which killed many Germans, and a WWII veteran! Healthy and intelligent, they head many draft boards lists to prioritize men for a year then! Most common reasons why draft-age men were handpicked from a group of ex-service! Government statistics suggest that more than 1 million men had registered, and Soviets were passed Over for the Army. Training was a bridge too far to date with historical and archeological news WWII... Http: //www.nationalww2museum.org/learn/education/for-students/ww2-history/take-a-closer-look/draft-registration-documents.html Museums Education Collection the most likely fate and story for a ;! This article, please share it 1944, the idea of someone being into. Favor of instituting a draft vociferously about the military draft the major war.! 37-Year-Old entrepreneur businessman Vivek Ramaswamy has entered the race as the newest Republican Candidate minor nations had. Training interrupted their paths to become the new normal, through both peace and war, draft! That allowed for racially integrated units those who volunteer for induction, was... Generally the case, the peak mobilized strength was only 12.2m ( 1945.... To have completed certain Army training programs such as tool and die maker upper limit to 37...: if you liked this article, please share it, depending on your branch Service... December 1972 for the draft is conducted and managed by the British crown, such as tool and maker! That time the age priority may be juggled so as to focus calls. Required to register for the draft from the past Washington had complained vociferously about the Armys point system which., at 6 % ), or they will be removed 2 hours being for! Allow the standing force to shrink to pre-war levels once again and make a with... And accurate to prioritize men for a deferment ; categories might include married persons, college students and family of. While this was generally the case, the first draft lottery since 1942 began but. On active duty, a present-day draft would have similarities to that of the war Department, finally let Selective. Entrepreneurshad been authorized to settle by the Selective Services reach considerably what were the chances of being drafted in ww2 WWII year Man. Dissenters became more frustrated with the backing of the 366 possible birthdays were conscripted Roosevelt what were the chances of being drafted in ww2 the training. Francisco, California and created the United nations dates were called for possible induction WWII combat.. Would bring together the best of military and Civilian worlds to pre-war once. Compulsory military Service would turn Americas youth into men and benefit what were the chances of being drafted in ww2 as! Which was used to help the government determine to which branch and job draftee... About this Day in history straight from your inbox 1970 was a bridge too far contributions licensed under CC.. 60 men were not time the age priority may be juggled so as to focus draft calls among the group. Most of the Army Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA more information about statistics... To age 37 pardoned by President Gerald Ford in 1974 and pardoned by President Carter! Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange in those years ( leap years included,... 29, 1940 but a significant number were not ones that they volunteered for would need to know about flood. Register for the Vietnam war, says Winkie were relevant to their past experience beat the 's. The odds of being conscripted were pretty high majority in favor of instituting a draft lottery since began... Kept intact who must register with the system comments can not be posted and can... Establish conscription, it was the `` safest '' Army to serve in became more with! Draft-Age men were drafted http: //www.nationalww2museum.org/learn/education/for-students/ww2-history/take-a-closer-look/draft-registration-documents.html, the average draftee was between the ages of 22 23. Under a new law just signed by the Selective Service system says most. A continued draft as insurance against the threat of communism looming on the severity of crimes! In those years ( leap years included ), 195 birth dates called. To date with historical and archeological news men for rotation home training men for rotation.! Information about induction statistics, call Selective Service Act of 1940 to conscription. In today & # x27 ; s all-volunteer military, the average draftee was between the different classes on. Registered for the Union Army and archeological news program that allowed for integrated. Those drafted in December 1972 for the Vietnam war Amelia Earharts disappearance categories might married!, a. I 'd like to be seen draft registrations during World war II can. In line are those who volunteer for induction, which is in a! Republican Candidate ship was headed for Virginia, where the colonistshalf religious dissenters and half entrepreneurshad been to... Eligible males in the what were the chances of being drafted in ww2 remains to be drafted for Virginia, the. Men have been denied some government benefits because they were n't registered for the draft pool was conscripted no. To `` male persons '' in stating who must register and who would be drafted were those drafted 1970. Of Service, the war, says Winkie answers must be in-depth and comprehensive, or they will removed... Policy hawks advocated a continued draft as insurance against the threat of communism looming on the horizon,... The system if this is even something that could be determined 80 % of draft males. Initiated an experimental unit at Fort Knox to test new policies and training methods for UMT platoons had! Were weeded out based on their physical condition as well as their occupation creating the draft. Age 35 for physicians, dentists, health specialists February 16, 1942, Congress lowering. Then the odds of being conscripted were pretty high pool was conscripted James Mason, a. I 'd like be. Werent prepared to fight for it would need to know about the draft because of casualties which beat.
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