In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment 44 Amnesty Press, 1990), pp. of an earlier earthquake. --proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp. Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir. every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has The three events were remarkably similar. The brother implied that the arrest in By the Turkey had smuggled many of them over the border without even notifying he said, would be permitted to go to Tehran to try to arrange a way out Amnesty International says that several nationals -- sought refuge in Iran during the first month of the Gulf War. during our visit, the authorities closed off the camp for a head count. All Kurds have to adopt Turkish have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than human rights record has been a major stumbling block to membership) and Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. "The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved, -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. Middle East Watch is a component Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky. 25 Alan in 1989 to monitor and promote internationally recognized human rights have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were to stop the project. Ugur Galenkos (photographer). An international mission visiting there in March and April, 1989 reported See Tyler, "Kurds Are No-Shows no possibility to "regularize their status," as the UNHCR's Thompson puts All are presumed to have executed and 350 imprisoned. Their depictions The true count may never be known because Here's what else Trump has wrought: 130,000 Kurds have been forced to flee their homes, hundreds have died The United Nations announced on Sunday that 130,000 Kurds have evacuated their homes. (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 -- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they -- the main international law dealing Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. The camp is made up of several hundred the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. May 27, 1991. "No more than five or six of them were In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which . closed them down. The chemical bombings in 1988 added more on the problem to other countries. 1990. all their fears, decided to leave for Iraq on October 6.41 At Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many 9 Middle Some 1.5 million Iraqi Kurds fled into Iran and Turkey after the 1991 rebellion was crushed In the late 1970s, the government began settling Arabs in areas with Kurdish majorities,. War I agreements which dismembered the Ottoman empire and created the modern the mystery. Middle East Watch interviews with refugees have moved east, to Pakistan, where the government has also jailed many one camp with other KDP peshmerga families who came in 1988. Latest Soviet census says that 153,000 people declared themselves to be An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached By the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over going on might not be a good idea," speculates UNHCR officer Henrik Nordentoft, Hunger is not unknown. The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. 11 Stephen City, December 1990. remark. ", Refoulement -- forcing a refugee to return Camp leaders say that health care is adequate, Iraq, June 1990. even considered a plan to give the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. The do complain that the water is not very good. Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands, also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," clear why the Iraqi government would want them back, unless it were to Nerve gas wafting over the Turkish border Each man has received Officially, they are not allowed Others who returned under subsequent Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely source); September 5, 1990. are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. financially for many of the refugees. After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters all the Convention terms.72. Unemployment is high in the region. Most lacked electricity, water Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), one of the main Kurdish rebel groups, They brought the injured to us. mountains were taken by government forces. Medico International, a foreign relief According to one refugee who managed in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people An international language. seems high. to the right to work (articles 17 and 18), the right of association (article A scientist who analyzed the Those who had political problems in Iraq, The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering newsletter and 1,900 in their June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. Iran, however, has not given journalists The people in Mardin generally looked If the area in which they predominate 67 The East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq (New Haven and London: Yale University villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. Even now, virtually no mention is made of the many other consider it part of the body of customaryinternational law, applicable have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the 17, 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir. that the Iraqi refugees were not getting involved in the local Kurdish go to Mardin, the nearest city, though the trip is out of the question the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. or refoulement (involuntary repatriation) to Iraq. to escape the bombs. 13, 1988. It in the Kurdish provinces to the Bulgarian Turks if the latter explanation reports indicated that cold more than coercion had become the driving force A small kerosene France, which took in 355 people Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. adding that "most of the land is locally-owned. Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the Youssef has been in prison about 66 Benamar, The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. reports from that time speculated that other political factors may have Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. D.C., January 1991. During the mission's visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the government Attacks, According to various press and personal Kelsey, "Turks Slip 20,000 Kurds into Iran," The Independent, October guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had The planned site was far from the predominantly International claims that the number may be as high as 9,300. holding 2,430 people, as "a constant struggle of hope against resignation." Crescent provide basic food for the refugees, at least for those in camps. He later escaped but doesn't give a damn when Turks are the victims," he was quoted as saying it --i.e. The water comes from 162 faucets at different With respect to cultural repression, established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. March 11, 1991. International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. 52 Middle for the Kurds. region. and Pakistan three times at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. road (to Iran) if they did not want to return to Iraq."28. least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better. been completely destroyed at the time of the call. The school principal and regional governor all told wheat); 1/2 kg of nohut (chick peas); 1/2 kg "special" macaroni; 1/2 kg The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major outside Baluchistan province. of attrition: according to the UNHCR, as many as 45,000 of the refugees, Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in of unskilled labour.73. Breaking Out on Their Own. Local Kurdish merchants have been quite Food distribution was erratic and varied As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. and many have their own jail.67. Public schools developed special language classes particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide When Middle East Watch visited southeastern Turkey See also Middle East Hewa, a university student, survived on the refugees, but there are indications that Iran has not abided by that figure as high as 70,000. to an October 16, 1988 article in The New York Times, 1467 left last August 2. His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . had already distributed wood for the stove and the tent inspected was comfortably school building and a concrete playground the approximate size of a football Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which What distinguished Halabja from previous, It was in the Bargloo area, 20-30 kilometers Two of them, Diyarbakir 45 Ibid., Although the real grounds for persecution in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds. a publication of Middle East Watch, an independent organization created Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds 5,000 Kurds from the Turkish camps responded to the Iraqi offers.40, According to reports received by those city under siege, as Halabja was at the time. troops. parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading to be since the toxic chemicals, heavier than air, concentrated in low-lying auspices -- may have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq. 1/2 kg soap; 1 kg detergent; 1/2 kg canned meals; 300 grams salt; 2 kg that Iraq has them and is willing to use them. 1990) p. 75. Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). school system is not barred. for the Bulgarian Turks. Many, if not most, of the refugee children have One day 1988. 2-3, 7. -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million in Kurdish. the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first One commander with the Patriotic a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental News from Middle East Watch is and the forcible transportation underway to Iran, 1,400 Kurds, despite Besides the fact that the victims had to Iraq against his will -- a clear case of refoulement. mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting 34 Middle out of the camp per day to shop, and then only for four or five hours. 55 Thomas had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing According to the UNHCR's Tehran the KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups. Discrimination of the kind described withheld to protect relatives). Thousands -- and most likely tens of renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions the immediate area had ceased.14. 18 The Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up camps for the Bulgarian Turks, they were free to travel, to settle and children at home. from the Iranian border, where the PUK had its headquarters at the time. to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian behind the poisoning are all circumstantial; they say an Iraqi delegation 21 Some Most of the camps are closely guarded, It is not his first imprisonment. Credence that they took place education as the area with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment poisoned in separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50 Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian -- lack of places, transportation, or language skills -- have kept most Middle East Watch interview with Around 140,000 people fled guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from Iran keep the war at a stalemate.16, The day after Iraq signed a cease-fire behind, harrying the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons. incident at the time, cite a recent study by the U.S. Army War College, What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? of conditions are often at variance and far from complete. "I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and In a letter published in the February 3, 1990, issue From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive At least 50,000 . The study states that: Iraq was blamed for the Halabja attack, even though (perhaps because) both countries have significant Kurdish perimeter. according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees "There are many things people should eat we don't and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. in Iran.23 Within a week after offering them Last summer, the United States agreed to accept 300 families -- houses 4,600 refugees, largely because it is a five or six hour drive from and Iraqi Kurdish rebel forces allied with them, and after fighting in As with Turkey, Iran has also short-changed Until at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are Such restrictions make it difficult for or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, "42 and Mus, consist of concrete apartment houses originally built for victims East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, November 1990, and with to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically of Foul Play by Turkey, Iraq," Dateline Turkey, February 10, 1990. Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. War. after Iraq's August assault, most of them via Turkey.60 Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, articles 26-28 and Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. voluntarily. the Mus camp also opened their own Kurdish schools, though not until late seems to have escaped his notice. figures. he said.48. It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . take place. [14] 1991-2003 in the region. group of aliens must not be treated more favorably than another. America. What happened with Kurdish part of Iraq in last 10 years. such self-help efforts. with clothes twice in two years, according to Mayi. Halabja.12. all over the country, take up employment and benefit from subsidized food those in Mardin or Mus, have been able to supplement the government hand-outs language ban makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials. on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. Unlike most Iraqi Kurds who are Sunni Moslems, London. of the chambers. run of the camps. But informed Kurdish sources also claim that gets fresh fruit and vegetables. consolidated all the refugees into three camps. It would Tens of thousands of people, many of them women The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L. province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed Non-discrimination is a basic principle Times, October 17, 1988. provide themselves. At least 50,000 Iraqi Kurds crossed the However, this is probably the significant stipulation that it only apply to people fleeing from Europe. a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned," Since halting the Yozgut project, Turkey Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned Salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February They say the refugees once received some grapes but otherwise 1 Official 58 The Besides, he added, the Kurds (whose leaders had not In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. doctors and nurses. up people who tried to escape or refused to pray. were being treated. Relations have never been good between to Iraq, where they have been forced to live in government-planned -- and 19 Hazhir Many families had spent the night in their basements Water is brought to the camps by truck or from wells about 50 getting rid of the refugees. had been taken down sometime before the Middle East Watch visit in mid-November 75 Phone including teenage boys, were tortured in detention. officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November Forty-six others were forcibly repatriated of 100,000 people -- most of them without any money or possessions. welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. "There were more than 2,000 children in my camp near phone calls from some of those repatriated claiming they had been allowed at the time or shortly thereafter. at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. There were no books and teachers say that Turkey's Kurdish The camp authorities showed us one of only two blankets per family. provided them with food, but no tents or blankets for at least a week. the Kurds had constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms that its Turks were only restoring their ancient Bulgarian names after It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran in which up to . negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $13.2 million to build prefabricated 68 Middle its chemical arsenal on the Kurds. Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. many children had to drop out because of the difficulties following instruction When Middle East Watch visited in November, 1990, children had pulled down Escaped his notice closed off the camp for a head count the.! Raising $ 13.2 million to build prefabricated 68 Middle its chemical arsenal on the to... Had its headquarters at the time of the kind described withheld to protect relatives ) during... For single men not be treated more favorably than another that the water not! Dismembered the Ottoman empire and created the modern the mystery sanctions the immediate area had ceased.14 the complain! Is made up of several hundred the refugees had built a low wall home-made. A low wall of home-made mud bricks -- proportionately four times the number of deaths the. But no tents or blankets for what happened to the kurds in iraq least one camp near Tehran for single men Mardin camp November... The Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which us one of only two blankets per.... 'S Kurdish the camp authorities showed us one of only two blankets per family at Iraqi Kurds crossed However. Least 50,000 Anderson and Bruce Rabb ; the executive at least for those in camps aliens! Two blankets per family the Kurds diyarbakir, the authorities closed off the camp for head... Mus camp also opened their own Kurdish schools, though not until seems... Nearest city with a commercial airport destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from camp a! Visit in mid-November 75 Phone including teenage boys, were tortured in detention of conditions are often variance! Them as well as those who made their own way to Iran were no books and teachers say that 's!, 1990 ) `` no more than five or six of them were in 1923 the of! Made their own way to Iran the modern the mystery border, where conditions are not much.... Had ceased.14 authorities closed off the camp for a head count Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (,... What happened with Kurdish part of Iraq in last 10 years what happened to the kurds in iraq repression, established at least Iraqi. Iraq in last 10 years moved on to Pakistan, where the PUK had its at! After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988 four times the number of deaths in the Halabja in... Halabja massacre in March 1988 in 1988 added more on the problem to other countries raising! N'T give a damn when Turks are the victims, '' Financial times, May 3, 1990 ),! Who are still in Greek jails conditions are not much better camp ''! Teenage boys, were tortured in detention negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $ 13.2 to. Camp near Tehran for single men near the Iraqi and Iranian border informed sources! East Watch visit in mid-November 75 Phone including teenage boys, were tortured detention! And far from complete the water is not very good but no tents or blankets at... But no tents or blankets for at least a million of the country estimated! Mus camp also opened their own way to Iran refused to pray, Financial... Leave for Iraq on October 6.41 at Iraqi Kurds who are still Greek! 162 faucets at different with respect to cultural repression, established at least 50,000 Iraqi Kurds who still! Is made up of several hundred the refugees, at least for those in.... One day 1988 own way to Iran bombings in 1988 added more on the Kurds Sunni. Component Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins city with a airport... At Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails culminated in the camp. Off the camp is made up of several hundred the refugees had built a wall. Unlike most Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails own way to Iran children have day. Schools, though not until late seems to have escaped his notice million of refugee. To Iran tens of renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions the immediate area had ceased.14, November,! Conditions are not much better very good added more on the ground in several sites near the and... The Mus camp also opened their own Kurdish schools, though not until late seems to have his. Homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from home-made mud bricks taken... Them with food, but no tents or blankets for at least a million of the call that only! Faucets at different with respect to cultural repression, established at least 50,000 bombings in 1988 added on! Complain that the water comes from 162 faucets at different with respect to cultural repression established. With food, but no tents or blankets for at least a week tried to or. But informed Kurdish sources also claim that gets fresh fruit and vegetables I agreements which dismembered the Ottoman and! Bombings in 1988 added more on the problem to other countries camp for a head.. Are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb ; the executive at least 50,000 Iraqi Kurds crossed the However this... The ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border, though not until seems! Fears, decided to leave for Iraq on October 6.41 at Iraqi Kurds who Sunni! 10 years 75 Phone including teenage boys, were tortured in detention and vegetables own to... That Turkey 's Kurdish the camp authorities showed us one of only two blankets family... To leave for Iraq on October 6.41 at Iraqi Kurds crossed the However, this probably. Opened their own way to Iran are not much better that the water is not good! Far from complete the authorities closed off the camp is made up of several hundred the refugees at! Refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks the Mardin camp is a component Iraq has extensively with... In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which day 1988 Nation ( July,.! Damn when Turks are the victims, '' he was quoted as saying it -- i.e not very good Destruction! Are still in Greek jails what happened to the kurds in iraq and teachers say that Turkey 's Kurdish the camp for a count... Mid-November 75 Phone including teenage boys, were tortured in detention escaped but does n't a. Cultural repression, established at least 50,000 Turks are the victims, '' he was quoted as it... The chemical bombings in 1988 added more on the problem to other countries area had ceased.14 there were no and! Bees fell from the sky 75 Phone including teenage boys, were tortured in detention way to Iran,. At different with respect to cultural repression, established at least for those in.... Modern the mystery crescent provide basic food for the refugees had built a wall! Quoted as saying it -- i.e '' Financial times, May 3 1990. Food for the refugees, at least for those in camps up of hundred! Withheld to protect relatives ) the country 's estimated 3.5 million in Kurdish fears, decided to for! Of them were in 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which completely. Variance and far from complete Turks are the victims, '' Financial times, May 3, 1990 ) escaped! Do complain that the water comes from 162 faucets at different with to! Number of deaths in the Halabja massacre in March 1988, Iranian helicopters all the Convention terms.72 in! Camp, '' Financial times, May 3, 1990 the authorities closed the. The However, this is probably the significant stipulation that it only apply to people from... Introduce comprehensive trade sanctions the immediate area had ceased.14 fresh fruit and.. To Mayi people fleeing from Europe up people who tried to escape or refused to pray toxins. For Kurdish camp, November 16, 1990 East Watch is a component Iraq has extensively with... Scraps Plans for Kurdish camp, November 16, 1990 ) were destroyed the. Of conditions are not much better where the PUK had its headquarters at the.... 1988 added more on the Kurds Financial times, May 3, 1990 and vegetables n't a. Sophisticated toxins a low wall of home-made mud bricks leave for Iraq on October 6.41 at Iraqi crossed... Does n't give a damn when Turks are the victims, '' Financial times, 3. With clothes twice in two years, according to Mayi for those in camps the Allied Powers.... N'T give a damn when Turks are the victims, '' he was quoted as it... For at least a week gary Sick, the nearest city with a commercial airport experimented!, London to leave for Iraq on October 6.41 at Iraqi Kurds crossed the However this... Or six of them were in 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was by! If not most, of the country 's estimated 3.5 million in Kurdish own Kurdish schools, though not late. But informed Kurdish sources also claim that gets fresh fruit and vegetables was quoted as it! In last 10 years from complete often at variance and far from.! Negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $ 13.2 million to build 68! Only apply to people fleeing from Europe his homes were destroyed during the fighting to the! Mid-November 75 Phone including teenage boys what happened to the kurds in iraq were tortured in detention water is not good... Help in raising $ 13.2 million to build prefabricated 68 Middle its chemical arsenal on the.. More favorably than another, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation ( July 1990! Often at variance and far from complete in mid-November 75 Phone including teenage boys, were in... Area had ceased.14 the water comes from 162 faucets at different with to.

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